Dunning–Kruger Effect｜鄧寧—克魯格效應：做得比較差的人，往往也更難準確看見自己差在哪裡

Research associated with the Dunning–Kruger effect finds that lower performers in some domains can substantially overestimate their relative competence. One influential explanation is that the skills needed to perform well overlap with skills needed to recognize errors and evaluate one’s own performance.

效應的大小、統計來源與跨領域普遍性都有後續爭論；不能把它簡化成「愚蠢的人永遠最有自信」的人身標籤。